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We report a case of pure orbital yolk sac tumor (YST) in an 11-month-old infant, which is a rare entity. The child presented with progressive painless swelling of the right eye and on examination had proptosis, chemosis, and lid edema. Systemic examination was within normal limits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) orbit revealed a lobulated heterogeneously enhancing right retroocular mass extending up to the orbital apex, displacing the optic nerve and eroding the medial orbital wall. Biopsy of the lesion revealed pure YST histology. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was markedly raised at 76900 ng/mL. She was started on infant bleomycin etoposide cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy protocol. There was a good clinical and radiological response. A high index of malignancy is required in young children presenting with orbital proptosis. A multidisciplinary approach and early intervention are essential to save both vision and life.
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Introduction: Overweight and obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and is a growing public health concern. The increase in prevalence and severity of obesity among children and adolescents has been attributed largely to behavioral factors such as changing eating habits and sedentary lifestyles. Objective: To determine prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity among adolescents and its association with sociodemographic factors and lifestyle. Methods: Present cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban field practice area under the Community Medicine Department of LLRM Medical College, Meerut, among 872 adolescents. All localities in the field area were covered and house to house survey was done. Questions were asked about eating patterns, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Data was collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.43, 6.88%, respectively. Obesity was significantly higher among females, those who indulged in unhealthy eating habits were physically inactive, watched television for a longer duration and ate junk while watching television. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that high junk food consumption and a sedentary lifestyle were found to be significantly associated with childhood overweight/obesity. As a result, timely interventions should be taken to improve awareness about healthy lifestyle behavior to prevent obesity and its complications among adolescents.
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Background: Quality of Life (QOL) is an important indicator of treatment outcome for cancer therapies. QOL researches help us to explore about the impairment caused by treatment and disease on one’s social life, day to day activities and psychological conditions. The objective is to assess the health related QOL in patients suf-fering from oral cavity and throat cancer and to find out factors associated with QOL. Methodology: Facility based cross sectional study design with consecutive sampling was used to achieve a sample size of 90 patients with oral cavity and throat cancer. Result: 71(78.88%) of study participants were independent and 19(21.11%) were partially dependent, none were completely dependent. Majority of the study population perceived a poor overall QOL as revelled by the findings that only 24.4% had best scoring in overall QOL domain. Weak Positive Correlation (R2=0.224) was seen between physical and socio- emotional component of QOL (p value <0.001). Education and cancer site were significantly associated with physical component while employment and Activity of Daily Living were associated with social component of QOL. Conclusion: There is aneed to focus on ambulatory and vocational rehabilitation along with pain manage-ment for oral & throat CA patients as the study show an association of these factors with social component of QOL.
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Introduction: Protocol for immunocytochemical (ICC) staining in May-Grünwald Giemsa (MGG)–stained smears has been difficult to establish. It is the need of the hour to be able to use prestained slides for ICC in specific cases to deliver timely diagnoses and reduce inconvenience to patients. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate and compare the use of MGG-stained smears for the purpose of ICC, after de-staining and saline rehydration to that of routine standard ICC. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 40 FNAC samples: 25 cases of breast disease and 15 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia known to express pancytokeratin and leukocyte common antigen (LCA)/CD45, respectively. Air-dried smears of each case were stained by standard MGG stain and after the report was dispatched, one smear was selected and sent for ICC. The smears were analyzed to determine the overall result and grade each smear semi-quantitatively with respect to staining-intensity, stain-localization, staining-uniformity, counter-staining, and background-staining. Observations and Results: The proposed protocol was inferior to conventional ICC in all the parameters, more pronounced in pancytokeratin than LCA/CD45. Only 8% of air-dried smears stained for pancytokeratin showed optimal stain intensity (as opposed to 44% of wet-fixed smears), whereas only 14.3% of air-dried smears were optimally stained for LCA (as opposed to 85.7% of wet-fixed smears). Conclusion: The proposed protocol of de-stained Giemsa smears as an alternative to conventional technique for ICC was unsuccessful in giving satisfactory results.
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Background: There are numerous studies indicating that COVID-19 pandemic has brought a great deal of pressure for medical fraternities, as medical teachers and students were busy saving lives. The mental health of these frontiers and medical education both suffered. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to determine the assessed pooled prevalence of depression among medical students of India by undertaking meta-analysis of published original research studies during pandemic. Materials and Methods: Researcher followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Authors used terminologies such as depression, mental health, medical students, and India to search PubMed and Google Scholar databases for original articles published between January 2020 and March 2022 based on mental health of Indian medical students. Researcher had chosen only the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 items based study to prevent false heterogenicity. Results: Out of 1471 screening, a total of six original research articles were included after screening for eligibility criteria involving 3248 medical students from different medical colleges of India. The median number of students was 541.33 (range, 181–2021). Meta-analysis of pooled prevalence assessment of depression among medical students in India by random effects model was 38% (confidence interval: 27–49%). Conclusion: Within study limitations, the high prevalence of depression was noted among medical students of India.
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Objectives: The aim of this article is to explain the detailed methodology to record Motor evoked potential (MEP) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) in adult albino Wistar rat, male (200–250 g) which has not been defined previously. Materials and Methods: We have standardised recording of both MEP and SSEP in these rats under anaesthesia on ADI digital polyrite system. Results: Evoked potentials have been widely studied in spinal cord injured patients to estimate the degree of injury and to establish a predictive measure of functional recovery. MEPs and SSEPs, arising from the motor cortex or peripheral nerve and generated either by direct electrical stimulation or by transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been advocated as a reliable indicator of descending and ascending pathway integrity. In the rat brain, there is a physical overlap between the motor and somatosensory cortex. Hence, our objective was to identify the exact area for stimulation in the cortex where we could record maximum response with the application of minimum electrical stimulation. Conclusion: The recording of MEP and SSEP together provides a powerful neurological technique to monitor the tracts of the spinal cord.
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Background: Infants and pre-school are most susceptible to undernutrition. Integrated Child Development Services is the programme focussing undernourished children by providing them supplementary nutrition. Aim& Objective: To study prevalence of undernutrition in 0-6 year old children and to study factors associated with it. To study impact of supplementary nutrition on undernourished children. Settings and Design: A longitudinal study. Methods and Material: The present longitudinal study was conducted in randomly selected Anganwadis of urban Meerut. Children found to be suffering from under nutrition were followed up at interval of six months to see the impact of supplementary nutrition provided to them at the anganwadi centre. A detailed history of relevant underlying factors responsible for causation of under nutrition were taken from mothers of these children. Statistical analysis used: chi square test was used to find out association between risk factors and undernutrition. Risk factor found statistically significant were further analysed using step wise multiple logistic regression analysis. The impact of supplementary nutrition was assessed using paired t test. Results: Iron folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, exclusive breast feeding in children, immunization and time of initiating complementary feed were found statistically significant on both chi-square and multiple logistic regression analysis. No impact of supplementary nutrition was found on anthropometric measurements of children. Conclusions: The main focus for fighting undernutrition in children (0-6 years) should be on preventing risk factors associated with mothers in antenatal period and during child rearing practices
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Objectives: Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides, which are involved in feeding behaviour, sleep-wakefulness, and neuroendocrine homeostasis in the body. The study was conducted with the aim to estimate the serum orexin levels in reproductive age group (RAG) women and to determine the association of serum orexin levels with body mass index (BMI) in females of RAG. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty apparently healthy women of RAG (20–40 years) were randomly selected. Fasting serum orexin levels were measured using ELISA and BMI was calculated in women based on their height and weight. Results: Serum orexin levels were significantly higher in women with BMI ? 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.035) as compared to women with BMI < 25 kg/m2 . Conclusion: In the present study, BMI correlated significantly with mean serum orexin levels. However, serum orexin levels did not correlate with the age of women.
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Background: Diabetes is an insidious public health problem. India has the second largest number of adults living with diabetes worldwide (77 million). Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a simple, cost-effective and feasible tool for mass screening programme at community level. Aim & Objective: To assess diabetes risk in adults aged 30 years and above and to identify high risk subjects for screening undiagnosed diabetes in an urban population of Meerut. Settings and Design: Community based cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: All adults who were ?30 years of age and non-diabetic were interviewed using pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire for their socio-demographic profile and lifestyle. Fasting Blood glucose of all study subjects were done to screen undiagnosed diabetics. Statistical analysis used: Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Epi Info TM 7.2.3.1 was used. Pearson’s Chi Square were applied. Results: 33.4% were found to have high diabetes risk. Risk of diabetes increases with age. 7.6% of the study subjects were found to be diabetic and were unaware of their diabetic status. Physical inactivity and increasing waist circumference were found to be significantly associated with risk of diabetes. Diabetes risk was also significantly associated with positive family history. Conclusions: Screening and early identification of high risk individuals would help in early diagnosis and treatment to prevent or to delay the onset of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Background:To assess length and shape of nasopalatine canal on human dry skulls. Subjects and Methods:Fifty- four dry human skulls of either gender was recruited for the study. The length of the nasopalatine canal was measured from the definite point (interproximal region) of the central incisors to the distal end of the incisive foramen. Incisive foramen diameter was calculated in the sagittal plane by measuring the anteroposterior distance of the oral entrance of the NPC. Shape was categorized into 4 types, Cylindrical, funnel, hourglass and spindle shape.Results:The mean length of nasopalatine canal was 16.2 mm in males and 13.4 mm in females. A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05). A non- significant difference in male (5.3 mm) and females (4.9 mm) incisive foramen diameter was observed. The most common shape of nasopalatine canal was cylindrical in 23, funnel in 7, hourglass in 21 and spindle shape in 3 skulls. A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05).Conclusion: Nasopalatine canal morphology assessment is essential to prevent iatrogenic injury to the anatomical structures. Mostcommon shape found to be hour glass and cylindrical
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A solar-biogas hybrid dryer was designed, developed and tested for onion drying with a capacity of 8 kg/batch. Solar energy was utilized as primary energy for onion drying in a greenhouse type drying chamber (direct solar) and biogas powered air heater used as a supplementary heat source for continuous operation. The hybrid dryer consists of greenhouse type drying chamber, concentric pipe air heater and biogas burner. The greenhouse type drying chamber has floor area of 1300 mm×900 mm and collector area of 3 m2. The dryer was operated as a solar dryer during normal sunny day and hybrid mode whenever sunlight is insufficient to maintain desired 60°C inside the drying chamber. The results indicated that the moisture content of onion slices reduced from 80.06% (wb) to 9.88% (wb) in 12 hours in hybrid mode drying. A biogas powered air heater operated for 3 hours in a day with effectiveness of 0.87 and biogas burner efficiency of 47.59%. The dryer was techno-economically feasible with a benefit cost ratio of 1.12 and payback period of 2.1 years.
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At present, there is a lot of research about the pyrazoline heterocyclic compound, its ring structure is being changed and new derivatives are being made, many of which have antimicrobial activity over the derivatives. Pyrazoline is the five-member heterocyclic ring which have two N atoms in nearby position and contains two endocyclic double bonds. Noteworthy consideration has been concentrated on pyrazolines and pyrazoline derivative due to their important pharmacological action. Some replaced pyrazolines have been stated near retain particular important pharmacological actions as antimicrobial, antifungal, antineoplastic, antidepressant, insecticidal, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antitumor properties.
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The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has become a significant health problem in India. Delays in diagnosis and treatment initiation are frequently observed among patients with DR-TB, resulting in an increased risk of disease complications and high mortality and pretreatment lost to follow-up rates. To understand the factors associated with delays between the diagnosis and treatment, the study was carried out in Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Area. A total of 177 DR-TB patients diagnosed in the year 2014 who had a delay in the initiation of treatment, and 23 initial defaulters were studied using a structured questionnaire. Fifty-four DOTS providers were also interviewed. Of 177 patients, 62.15% initiated treatment between 7 and 15 days and nearly 12% of them started the treatment after a month. The median duration of delay was 12 days (range: 8–144 days and interquartile range: 9–20 days). The most common reason for the delay in the initiation and initial default was the social and personal factors (48.80%), and in 34 (20%) of the patients, the delay was attributed to the effect of the previous treatment.
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Purpose: To know the pattern of presentations and management outcome of steroid induced glaucoma in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Methods: Children of VKC using steroid with two of the following criteria were enrolled: Intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mm Hg, glaucomatous optic disc and visual field defects. Misused topical steroids were classified in 4 groups; A- Highly potent drugs (dexamethasone, betamethasone), B- Moderate (prednisolone), C- Weak (loteprednol, fluorometholone), D- Unknown drugs. Active/conservative interventions were done to control IOP. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), IOP, anterior segment and fundus examinations were noted. One-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test were used to compare the groups. Results: Out of 1423 VKC patients, 240 were using topical steroid without prescriptions. 92 eyes of 47 patients had steroid induced glaucoma. Hence prevalence of this complication was 3.30% in this study population. Mean age was 14.1 ± 3.8 years. Mean IOP was 38 ± 12 mm of Hg and mean vertical cup disc ratio was 0.67 ± 0.25. IOP was controlled by withdrawal of steroids (9 eyes), with antiglaucoma medications (27), trabeculectomy (57) and glaucoma drainage device (1). Mean CDVA at presentation was better in group C (0.23 log MAR). Mean IOP was highest in group A (43.1 mm Hg) followed by group D (40.5 mm Hg). At presentation 17 were blind (CDVA <3/60). Post treatment marginal improvement in CDVA was found (P = 0.46). However, statistically significantly improvement was noticed in IOP (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: Injudicious use of steroids leads to vision threatening complications like ocular hypertension and glaucoma in children of VKC. Weak steroids like loteprednol or fluorometholone should be used instead of higher potency drugs. Vision and IOP should be monitored fortnightly in children using topical steroids to detect steroid responders at the earliest.
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Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of spermine, a polyamine as a protective agent on accelerated ageing of onion seeds. Methodology: Onion seeds variety Pusa Riddhi was primed with six concentrations of spermine (0.10 mM to 1.25 mM) and also with hydration and halopriming (2% K2HPO4). Hydrated, haloprimed and un-primed seeds were used as control. The primed and control seeds were accelerated aged at 45 oC and 100 % RH for 72 hr. Seed quality was assessed in control, freshly primed seeds, and in primed seeds subjected to accelerate ageing. Results: All priming treatments enhanced the seed quality, there was 2.34–20.33 % increase in germination. Seed priming with 2% K2HPO4 had highest seed quality improvement which was at par with 1.25 mM spermine primed seeds. Enhanced seed vigour and the activity of antioxidant enzymes over un-primed seeds was observed in both 2% K2HPO4 and spermine primed seeds over unprimed seds. Seeds primed with 1.25 mM spermine recorded 66.66 % and 650 % increase in the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes SOD and POD respectively, but they were at par with halopriming. After accelerated ageing, deterioration in seed quality was minimal in seeds primed with spermine. Seeds primed with 1.25 mM spermine recorded 21.33% higher germination, 62.10 % higher speed of germination, 26.56 % longer seedlings, 13.68 % heavier seedlings and 175 % and 200 % higher SOD and POD activity as comparised to un-primed seeds. Seeds primed with 1.25 mM spermine also performed better over halopriming and hydropriming treatments. Interpretation: Onion seed priming with 1.25 mM spermine was most effective treatment in enhancing the seed germination and vigour under accelerated ageing conditions.
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Background: Prostate carcinoma screening tests usually include digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. If these tests detect some abnormality, further evaluation is recommended using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), TRUS guided biopsy, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a preferred tool among three as its noninvasive and has high sensitivity and specificity. In MRI, most of the medical centers perform multi-parametric MRI. The present study is an endeavor to evaluate the feasibility of using biparametric study for detection of prostate cancer; thereby reducing the scan time and avoiding the use of contrast. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of using biparametric MRI (T2-weighted imaging [T2WI] and Diffusion-weighted images [DWI]) for detection of carcinoma prostate as compared to multiparametric MR study which in addition also includes dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and spectroscopic MRI sequences. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 60 patients suspected to have prostate cancer on the basis of PSA levels and DRE. All the patients underwent pre-treatment MRI on 1.5 T scanner followed by TRUS guided biopsy. MRI protocol included T1-weighted images, T2W, DWI, DCE MRI, and MR spectroscopy. The diagnostic performance of T2WI + DWI and multi-parametric MRI for diagnosis of prostate cancer was determined and compared with each other using histopathology as the gold standard. Results: The sensitivity for detection of carcinoma prostate for biparametric MRI (T2WI + DWI) is 63.3%, specificity 78.95%, positive predictive value (PPV) 86.6%, and negative predictive value of (NPV) 50.00%. The sensitivity of multiparametric MRI was 78.05%, specificity 68.42 % with PPV 84.2%, and NPV of 59.09%. Conclusion: For the detection of prostate cancer biparametric (DWI/T2WI) and multi-parametric MRI both showed comparable results. Multi-parametric MRI involves the administration of intravenous contrast and requires longer acquisition time; T2/DWI is faster and non-contrast sequences and is workhorse sequence in the detection of prostate cancer.